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The Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga-Karelia on the other hand have
belonged to three different nations throughout their history. At the end of the 16th and the
beginning of the 17th centuries there was a constant succession of frontier conflicts here
between the Swedes and the Russians. According to the treaty of Stolbova of 1617, Russia
had to surrender these areas to Sweden, which resulted in the mass migration of orthodox
Karelians to Russian territory. The frontier between the two countries was fixed and there is
still a boundary rock near the village of Pogrankondushi north of Lake Ladoga. The
village-castle of Olonets built in 1649 to protect the region against the Swedes, soon became
the commercial and administrative centre of East Karelia. These parts of Karelia were
Swedish only for about a century, up to 1721, when the Russians were victorious in the Great
Northern War of 1700-1721.
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